Ethics and Global Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Morals and Global Climate Change - Essay Example While concentrating regarding the matter of a dangerous atmospheric devation, the inquiry emerges whether the created countries should take the more prominent weight of battling environmental change. Environmental change Greenhouse impact Global warming happens when the temperature of the earth’s surface ascents. The significant commitment towards a worldwide temperature alteration is the outflow of ozone depleting substances like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide into the air. An Earth-wide temperature boost can cause genuine environmental change and can be a grave worry for the strength of people and all other living creatures on this planet. The â€Å"greenhouse effect† is considered as the chief reason for environmental change. In any case, the commitment of nursery is a disputable issue. Without the impact of the nursery, the outside of the earth would have been a lot colder than the current temperature. This is one motivation behind why nursery impact can't g enerally be considered as an issue. â€Å"The genuine issue is the improved, human-instigated, nursery effect† (Gardiner, 2004, p.558). Significant Impacts The impacts of environmental change can have tremendous effect on the natural life on this planet. A portion of the effects that have been watched so far are â€Å"melting of ice sheets, changes in Arctic biological systems, warming of lakes and streams, consequences for agribusiness and ranger service, ocean level ascent and waterfront flooding in some areas†. ... This should be possible by the utilization of â€Å"fuel-effective vehicles† and by developing â€Å"energy-proficient buildings†. The most significant thing is to figure out how to get versatile to environmental change and furthermore it is important to manage the creating nations towards financial turn of events (Winston and Edelbach, 2011, p.363). Duties of the more extravagant countries According to Gardiner the mechanical countries are increasingly liable for the current grave condition in regards to environmental change. There have been gigantic outflows of ozone depleting substances during modern transformation in the nineteenth century for which the mechanical countries have assumed a significant job. The weight of expenses because of the emanations has fallen excessively on the creating nations. Gardiner recommends two different ways to the arrangement. In the first place, â€Å"industrialized countries should bear the costs forced by their past emissions† and second, â€Å"one must describe the earth’s ability to retain man-made outflows of carbon dioxide as a typical asset, or sink† (Gardiner, 2004, p.579). Gardiner believes that the more extravagant countries have utilized the earth’s limit over the span of industralisation, and in this manner different nations have not had the option to get their due offer. As indicated by Gardiner, the more extravagant countries are at risk to make up for â€Å"overusing† the earth’s limit (Gardiner, 2004, pp.579-580). Supports It has been recommended by certain journalists that in the past the created nations didn't know about the results of nurseries gases on worldwide atmosphere and as such they ought not be viewed as capable. This contention can't be indisputable if the effect on the poor populace has been serious. In the event that the poor nations don't have the assets to shield

Working as a Human Services Professional Assignment

Functioning as a Human Services Professional - Assignment Example g about the Human Services field which would help with growing instruction and aptitudes are as per the following: (1) by normally notifying oneself on present and future patterns in Human Services through perusing legitimate sources on this field of study; (2) by going to meetings, workshops, initiative preparing and improvement under the Human Services field through the Human Service Leadership Institute (Human Services Leadership Institute, 2012); and (3) by seeking after advanced education courses or projects in Human Services (Hack College, 2015), . These open doors for learning and formative development could be accomplished by planning kept learning in one’s every day exercises. The three different ways to hold responsibility for performing quality work as the executive/CEO of the Humanitarian Agency are as per the following: (1) through away from of jobs, duties, and duty as the CEO/overseer, as expressed in one’s set of working responsibilities and in the authoritative structure; (2) through unequivocal arranging and advancement of strategies and methodology that would portray works and specify accountabilities or expectations expected of one’s job; and (3) through utilizing assets to impart away from or objectives of execution and assessing the way these objectives have been accomplished inside specified time allotments. Moreover, as underscored by Este (2007), â€Å"the difficulties to executing responsibility in the human administrations could be overwhelmed with the fitting arranging, hierarchical duty, and resources† (p. 1). Este, S. (2007). The Challenges of Accountability in the Human Services: Performance Management in the Adult Protective Services Program of Texas. Recovered from Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos:

an Arts initiative COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

an Arts initiative COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In my last post I wrote a about the myriad of opportunities available to students on Columbia’s campus, but of course one of the greatest advantages of coming to SIPA is that you get to live in New York City! I could write a whole blog post about the career related activities and internship opportunities available to SIPA students here in our fair city, and in fact I very well may, but all work and no play makes Nancy a dull grad student. If you plan on coming to SIPA, you should definitely know about CU Arts Initiative. The CU Arts homepage (http://www.cuarts.com/) describes it as a “pioneering venture to make art and culture a meaningful part of every Columbian’s experience.” To me, it’s a great way to find out what’s going on in New York and an even better way to score discount tickets.   Columbia students have ongoing discounts to such New York institutions as the Metropolitan Opera, the Museum of Modern Art and the Bronx Zoo.  You can also buy discounted movie tickets and receive special pricing on tickets to Broadway (and Off-Broadway shows). I just went to see Newsies for ½ of the published ticket price!   You can also use CUArts to reserve performance space, promote your own on or off campus cultural event and find out about events happening at the university.  Check them out here.

The Importance Of Artificial Intelligence - 1302 Words

Artificial intelligence is the utilization of computers to imitate human brains in restricted domains. This is a consequence of developing computer which carry on logically, reason rationally and can adequately decipher its surroundings continuously in real time. Artificial Intelligence is no longer a fictionist concept, the superior computing prowess of artificial intelligence has enabled them to surpass humans in problem solving. They have made it conceivable to recreate complex activities that need proficient mastery. Chess playing program is an astounding case of an intellectual system. Artificial intelligence is an extremely wide interdisciplinary field which connects to many domains, all the computing disciplines, but also chemistry,†¦show more content†¦After, in 1966 the first robot Shakey with artificial intelligence was created. After in 1986, Bundeswehr University was able to create the first self-driving car with the help of input devices such as cameras and sens ors. As of the 21st century, Artificial intelligence can be created to portray, understand human emotion and also learn from experience and learn from errors. The Basic format of AI and its components is displayed inside the image (Tecuci). With the creation of robots with artificial intelligence, we are able to create robots which can work on task with greater efficiency than human beings. Hence, the basic fear of robots replacing humans in the workforce rises as a potential threat for losing jobs. But individual of society forget that Artificial intelligence will also create lots of jobs as they will require humans to help maintain the condition of the bots and also to upgrade and fix issue in the bots. Also, the bots will mostly take the jobs which are mainly labor infused. Therefore, if we have bots performing the simple task of society it will require society to grow and become smarter hence benefiting the society as a whole (Atkinon). Second, frequently individual of society worry that development in Artificial intelligence will result in computer starting a revolution as theyShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1156 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Understanding Emotional Intelligence and its role in development of AI Introduction In 1983, Howard Gardener, an American psychologist proposed eight (originally seven) types of intelligences (Gardner, Howard, 1983, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences). Emotional Intelligence was not one of the eight as it did not fulfill eight criteria set by Gardener which all intelligence must meet. It is interesting that Gardener gave interpersonal intelligence place in the list as it dealsRead MoreImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmost famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence ( AI) is taking root in our everyday lives† ( Science Fiction to Reality 1). Artificial Intelligence is a machinery which includes network and a probabilistic model. Artificial intelligence is the computer that can now spontaneously translate spoken and written conversation. It can also recognize and accurately cations photos, identify faces and can be your personal assistant. Artificial intelligence has specific technologies, like theRe ad MoreThe Importance Of Artificial Intelligence2225 Words   |  9 Pagesthe 21st century, especially the artificial intelligence (AI). According to Stanford (2016) mentioned that the artificial intelligence (AI) is a science and a set of computational technologies that are inspired by—but typically operate quite differently from—the ways people use their nervous systems and bodies to sense, learn, reason, and take action. Since the first artificial intelligence in 1956, and with the development and progress of artificial intelligence, it is affected in many sectorsRead MoreThe Importance Of Artificial Intelligence2186 Words   |  9 Pagesthe 21st century, especially the artificial intelligence (AI). According to Stanford (2016) mentioned that the artificial intelligence (AI) is a science and a set of computational technologies that are inspired by—but typically operate quite differently from—the ways people use their nervous systems and bodies to sen se, learn, reason, and take action. Since the first artificial intelligence in 1956, and with the development and progress of artificial intelligence, it is affected in many sectorsRead MoreThe Importance Of Artificial Intelligence In The Military1524 Words   |  7 PagesAs humanity becomes more technologically advanced, the development of artificial intelligence for specific fields of work is becoming more prevalent. One of these fields where artificial intelligence (AI) is beginning to grow rapidly is in the military. All branches of the military are beginning to develop and implement AI on the battlefront in order to replace human soldiers. However, the use of AI to perform life and death decisions is a highly debated over topic. The morals and ethics behindRead MoreRationalism vs. Irrationalism1607 Words   |  7 Pagesrationalistic perspecive we observe the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea; however from the viewpoint of irrationality I will prove that: 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) Intelligence can be created materially. Before going into detail on irrationalism I wish to explore the rationalistic perspective. The rationalist tends to believe in the existence of truths that could not be discovered through the senses alone,Read MoreFuture Of Life : Thanks With Artificial Intelligence1451 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of Life: Thanks to Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is soon to be a massively important and relevant part of our future. I have no doubt about it, and knowing this... I began my research simply wanting to know more about AI and it’s current and speculative uses and capabilities. I wanted to know how we planned to accommodate for the biggest change our species has ever experienced, I wanted to find out how legislature would adapt, how research would spring up, how productionRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. We’ll be their butlers soon enough.†(Brain Quote) Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer systems that normally require human intelligence. This (Artificial Intelligence) has lead to countless short-term positives such as â€Å"improving the speed, quality, and costs of available goods and services (Karsten and West 1). (This being said from the Brooking institution) However, as businesses continue to use Artificial Intelligence to inc rease extra goods and make more money, they willRead MoreEssay on The Turing Test1426 Words   |  6 Pages One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, â€Å"the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men†.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. â€Å"We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and theRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesthese problems. The study of Intelligent Systems, often called â€Å"artificial intelligence† (AI), uses computation as a medium for simulating human perception, cognition, reasoning, learning, and action. In the case of artificial intelligence, the first thing that usually comes to mind is that AIs are convenient for mankind. It makes life much easier having the artificial intelligent systems to do peoples works. Having artificial intelligence around not only cuts the tasks in half, but also it saves lots

Is Objective Of Firms To Maximize Shareholder Wealth Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1900 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Clarifying on the point of what are the objectives of the business is very important to run a business in a purposeful and effective manner. It such as the firm needs to establish what they are trying to achieve and it is also central importance to make choices in business. There are some occasions when manager has to decide which claimants are to have the objectives maximized and which are merely to be satisfied. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Objective Of Firms To Maximize Shareholder Wealth Finance Essay" essay for you Create order There are some strong views held on this subject, the left-wing belief that employees should have its rewards maximized and other parties have been satisfied while the pro-capitalist economists believe that maximizing shareholder wealth is the desired objective. From annual report and Financial Statements of Marks and Spencer 2010, it appears that the company doesnt just focus on shareholders; they also build good relations with primary stakeholders like employees, customers, suppliers, local communities and the environment; They tried the best to do the right things cross the business, build a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth to make sure that their customers and wider stakeholders can trust them to do the right thing. In my points of view, I agree that shareholder wealth maximization should be a superior objective over stakeholder interest and company also should keen on a balanced stakeholder approach. Bellowing are some relevant literature and practical business that support my opinion. Marks Spencer Plc is the leading UKs retailers with over 21 million people visiting its stores each week clarified their objective in its 2006 annual report as our main task to create value for shareholders by developing a trusted brand and delighting customers. Mark and Spencer has a clear idea of its objective. Its mission to deliver economic value to its shareholders through understanding the importance of meeting requirement of existing and potential customers, and the most important customers are the shareholders-the owners of the business. Its objectives, strategies and decisions are toward creating value for them. For almost companies, the largest proportion of long term finance is provided by shareholders. As long as a company performs well and provides them with excellent financial return and opposite. People invest in the expectation that when they sell, the value of each investment will have grown by sufficient amount, above its c ost to compensate them for the risk they took. The relationship between a company and its shareholder is clear. The shareholders give their hard-earned money to the managers of the business in the expectation that they will make good use of the fund. They hope to see substantial return in the form of rising share price as well as a stream of dividend. Glan Arnold, 2008 agreed that the company should make investment and financing decisions with the aim of maximizing long-term shareholder wealth. He also explained through contractual theory that Shareholders are owners of the firm, control its activities. They put money into the business and do not be promised that they will receive a dividend or not. The management board of the firm only promise that will try hardest to produce a return on money. That means the firm may go bankrupt and all money will be lost. The risk that shareholders are taking is not limited, their money may be produced efficiently or it may be reduced, even go to zero. However there are employment contracts between employees and the firm. Employees deal with the firm to provide their services in return for salary and benefit. Suppliers deliver necessary input in return for payment. Customers give money in return for goods and service. Most of the participants bargain for a limited risk, right and a fixed pay off. Because of this unfair balance of risk between claimants on the firms resources, who accepts high risk should be entitled to higher return which result after all the other parties have been satisfied. In Corporate finance principle practice, 2009 Denzil Watson and Antony Head analyzed the relationship between risk and return as high risk parallel with high return. An investor takes on more risk, higher return is offered in compensation. Among relevant claimants of the firm, the shareholders are taking the highest risk of return as mentioned above, so they deserve receiving superior return. On practicalities in a free mark et system, the firm will be difficult and unable to raise more finance from shareholders if it decides to reduce return to shareholders caused by increasing salary to their workers (more interest for employees) or by increasing quality of goods and service for customers (more satisfy and trust from customers) or by paying more for charity, protection environment, ect. Some shareholders will sell their shares and invest to other firms more orientated towards their benefit and concentrate on shareholder wealth creation. According to Pierre Vernimmen (Corporate Finance theory and practice, 2nd edition, 2009) Only creating sustainable value can a company ensure that it has finance growth train, pay to its employees properly, produce quality goods and service and respect the environment. In finance, there is just one overriding objective creating value, only by meeting this objective can one achieve all the others. Marks and Spencer agreed with this theory through their expression in annual report and financial statement 2010. They clarified that their main objective is building a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth and making sure that their customers and wider stakeholders can always trust them. Cadbury Plc, the world largest confectionery also aims that they should deliver consistent superior return to shareholders in their 2006 annual report: our objective is to consistently deliver superior shareholder returns. We are committed in this objective although we recognize that the company does not operate in isolation. We have clear obligations to consumers, customers and supplier, to our colleagues and to the society, communities and natural environment in which we operate McKinsey and Company (2010) gave explanation for maximizing value of the firm as it is relevant to interest of all stakeholders. Companies that maximize value for their shareholders in the long-term also create more employment, treat the former and current employees better, give their customers more satisfaction, and shoulder a greater burden of corporate responsibility then more shortsighted rival. Competition among value focused companies also helps to ensure that capital, human capital and natural resources are used efficiently cross the economy, leading to higher living standard to everybody. They also argue that value creating company create more jobs, by taking a result of examining employment and found that the US and European companies that created most shareholder value in the past 15 years shown stronger employment growth. Jensen, M.C (2001) cogently argued simple stakeholder balancing or balance scorecard approach to directing a company because of the violation of the proposition that a single financial value objective is a prerequisite and makes society better off. Social welfare is maximized when all firms in an economy maximize total firm value. Value maximization tends to ask managers to make decisions so as to increase total long run market value of the firm. Total value is the sum of the value of all financial claims on the firms including equity, debt, preferred stock, and warrants. So maximizing value of the firm is maximizing value of shares and so on maximizing shareholder wealth. Otherwise, Stakeholder theory extent that firms should pay attention to all their constituencies that can affect the firm. Stakeholders were defined by Freeman (1984) as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of an organizations purpose. Managers and board of directors have to choose among multiple completing and inconsistent constituent interests to make sure all stakeholders are at level of satisfaction. Customers want low prices, high quality. Employees want high wage, high quality working conditions and good benefit. Suppliers of capital want low risk and high return. Communities want high charitable contributions, social expenditures by firm to benefit the community at large, sta ble employment, increasing investment and so on. Because of this inconsistent interest group, business needs a balance scorecard as explanation of Kaplan (1996). Freemans definition suggested two-way relationship between a firm and its stakeholders. Stakeholders can affect and can be affected the achievements of a firms objectives. Good stakeholder management has clear instrumental value for the firms, Building better relations with primary stakeholders like employees, customers, suppliers, and communities could lead to increased shareholder wealth by helping firms develop intangible. A case study about short-term financial performance To make sure Marks and Spencer succeed, managers have to get thing right cross business such as being properly to each other as colleague, making sure we feel valued, motivated and rewarded; Treating our customers, suppliers and local community with respect; Respecting environment, involving our employees and customers through Plan A. MS has launched Plan A since 2007 to work with customers and supplier to combat climate change, reduce waste, use sustainable raw material, trade ethically and help customers to lead healthier lifestyles. These are commitment of donating all profit from the sale of single use food carrier bags to environmental charity Groundwork to invest in projects that will improve parks, play areas and public gardens in neighborhoods around the UK, working with Shelter to help make a difference to the many UK families who are homeless or badly housed, with The Prostate Cancer Charity to increase awareness about cancer disease, with The Woodland trust to plant new tr ees, closed lope recycling campaign to reduce waste, MS and Oxfam Clothes Exchange to help save water, protect children from disease, new school books for children. MS believes that if they do the right thing, the right way, their business will be successful; a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth will be achieved. Their customers and wider stakeholders trust them. At the heart of all is making sure a good return for people who own MS-their shareholders. In other respect, base on point of view of left-wing party, Sumantra Ghoshal (2005) argued that the encouragement of shareholder wealth maximization is wrong. He explained that shareholders do not own the company, have no ownership right on the actual asset, they own a right to the residual cash flow of the company. The value a company creates is produced through a combination the resources of both employees including managers who contribute their human capital and shareholders who contribute financial capital. Employees of a company carry more risk than shareholders because shareholders can sell stocks easier than employees can find another job and employees contribute their knowledge, skill, entrepreneurship that are more important than capital. Then there can be no basic for asserting the principle of shareholders value maximization. However Michael Skapinker pointed out one problem with Ghoshal is that while he demolished shareholder value, he proposed nothing in its place, In general, both theoretical and empirical literatures agree that the goal of a well-run company is maximizing its long-term shareholders wealth as a firm shareholders are the residual claimants. However the firm enjoins every side to strive for friendly long-term relationship with employees, customers, suppliers and bringing benefit to local community and the environment. Objectives of a firm are interdependent. Good management knows which objective or claimant they should focus on each time to achieve long-term purpose is building a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth and making sure they have a good return for their owners-shareholders. In the real business, many organizations are comfortable with no shareholder wealth maximization as Charity, government department and non-profit organizations.

Barks Computer Screens Case a Market Analysis Free Essays

Running head: BARKS COMPUTER SCREENS CASE Barks Computer Screens Case: A Market Analysis Barks Computer Screens Case: A Market Analysis A market analysis is a key component of a business plan and should be conducted every few years due to market and product changes. One important aspect is identifying the supply and demand of a product in the target market. The supply curve is a positive sloping curve because as the price increases so does the quantity of product. We will write a custom essay sample on Barks Computer Screens Case: a Market Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The demand curve is a negative sloping curve because as the price increases the demand for the product decreases (Hirschey, 2012). Changes can occur to both curves as changes in the market and economy take place. This will cause the curves to shift either to the left or the right. The supply curve is affected by changes in the economy such as an increase in the prices of material or a natural disaster that would prohibit supply of product. The demand curve is affected by changes in population income, economic outlook, government spending, and real interest rates (McBride, 2008). In the Barks Computer Screens Case, Barks has hired me as a consultant and provides the results of his market analysis. He has found that the functions for supply and demand in his market are: Qd = 157 – 35P + 12. 5Pw + 0. 1Y and Qs = –120 + 75P – 30Pw + 13PL + 12R. Where: Qd = Demand, Qs = Supply, Pw = Average price of Wides, Y = Income in his market, PL = Price of labor, and R = Is the average humidity level measured in hums. I have assumed the quantities demanded and supplied are a function of price and applied the following conditions: Pw = $6. 00, Y = $1,600. 00, PL = $9. 00, and R = 25. Demand: Qd = 157 – 35P + 12. 5Pw + 0. 1Y = 157 – 35P + 12. (6) + 0. 1(1600) = 157 – 35P + 75 + 160 = 392 – 35P. Supply: Qs = –120 + 75P – 30Pw + 13PL + 12R = -120 + 75P – 30(6) + 13(9) + 12(25) = -120 +75P – 180 + 117 + 300 = 117 + 75R. The following price conditions were used to determine supply and demand market conditions: $1. 75, $2. 10, and $2. 70. Qd = 392 – 35P = 392 – 35(1. 75) = 392 – 61. 25 = 330. 75. The s ame equation was used for the other two prices to determine quantities demanded at each price. At $2. 10 the Qd is 318. 50 and at $2. 70 the Qd is 297. 50. Qs = 117 + 75P = 117 + 75(1. 5) = 117 + 131. 25 = 248. 25. The same equation was used for the other two prices to determine quantities supplied at each price. At $2. 10 the Qs is 274. 50 and at $2. 70 the Qs is 319. 50. The following graph illustrates the supply and demand curve to reflect my findings. As you can see on the above graph, Qd and Qs intersect at a point. This point is when market equilibrium is met. â€Å"Market equilibrium describes a condition of perfect balance in the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied at a given price† (Hirschey, 2012). To determine equilibrium price, I set the Qd equation equal to the Qs equation and solved for P (price): 392 – 35P = 117 + 75P, 275 – 35P = 75P, 275 = 110P, 2. 5 = P. Equilibrium price is $2. 50. To find equilibrium quantity, use P = 2. 50 in either Qd or Qs equation: 392 – 35P = 392 – 35(2. 50) = 392 – 87. 50 = 304. 50. Equilibrium quantity is 304. 50. The equilibrium price and quantity determines shortage or surplus. A surplus of product occurs when actual price is greater than the equilibrium price. A shortage of product occurs when actual price is less than the equilibrium price (McBride, 2008). Based on an equilibrium quantity of 304. 50 the only time there will not be a surplus or a shortage is when they are priced at $2. 50. When Wides are priced at $1. 75, there will be a surplus of 26. 25 screens. At $2. 10, there will be a surplus of 14. At $2. 70, there will be a shortage of 7. My recommendation is to price the Wides at $2. 50. Having a surplus builds inventory but eventually decreases market prices and product output, whereas a shortage can increase market prices and create a push on production. At equilibrium, revenue is generated without a change in price or quantity produced (Hirschey, 2012). References Hirschey, M. (2012). Fundamentals of Managerial Economics, 9th ed. (9th ed). South Western Educational Publishing. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf. southuniversity. edu/books/1111439907/id/ch4 McBride, C. (2008). Supply Demand Analysis Chron. com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/supply-demand-analysis-727. html How to cite Barks Computer Screens Case: a Market Analysis, Papers

Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Example For Students

Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Causes, Health Affects, and Treatment of Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea is involved with the respiratory and central nervous systems. The respiratory system allows a person to breathe in oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide (Deepak 116). After entering the mouth or the nose, oxygen travels into the pharynx, the larynx, and then the trachea. The trachea splits into two branches which then split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Hair-like projections called cilia cover the bronchioles and protect them from foreign particles. From the bronchioles, air enters tiny air sacs called alveoli, each of which is surrounded by capillaries containing the blood that gathers oxygen to be transported throughout the body and releases carbon dioxide so that it can be exhaled. Contractions of the diaphragm cause the lungs to be inflated and deflated. According to Janet Fricker, sleep apnea is ?the periodic reduction or cessation of breathing caused by temporary oropharyngeal collapse during sleep?; in other words, it occurs when a person literally stops breathing while asleep (Fricker 122). There are two main processes that produce sleep apnea. The first, known as central sleep apnea, involves the level of brain activity during sleep. The nighttime failure of the part of the brain that controls breathing, located in the brain stem, results in unmonitored oxygen Sumner 2levels during sleep. When oxygen levels become too low and carbon dioxide levels become too high, stimulation becomes strong enough to temporarily awaken the brain to do its job. The brain triggers a snorting or sucking of air in order to restore the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The episodes recur as the brain returns to its sleep state (Coren 147-48). The second form of sleep apnea, known as obstructive sleep apnea, is characterized by a severe relaxation of the tongue, throat, and pharynx.(Deepak 116). The severe relaxation of the tongue causes it to cover the opening to the trachea, stopping the flow of oxygen into the lungs. After ten to ninety seconds of an apnea respiratory centers alert the brain of its oxygen-deprived state, causing the repeated sleep/wake cycle of the sufferer (Fricker 122). Sleep Apnea affects about 4 percent of middle-aged men and 2 percent of middle-aged women (Walling 851). Symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, gasping, and choking. It causes breathing problems that cause a person to cough and gasp as many as several hundred times a night (Pressman 65). Because a build up of fatty tissues in the mouth tends to flow over the opening of the trachea, it is most common in middle aged, overweight males (Coren 148). About sixty percent of sufferers are overweight. However, it is not actual poundage b ut the thickness of the neck that affects breathing. Men often develop thicker throat tissues and gather more fat in their abdomen, neck, and shoulders than women. Men with a neck circumference of seventeen inches or more and women with that of sixteen inches or more are most likely to have sleep apnea, as well as Sumner 3those with a double chin or a lot of excess fat around the waist. Sleep apnea will worsen with age as throat tissues become looser and people gain weight.(Barone 81). Many side affects can occur due to sleep apnea. Sufferers can awaken to headaches, irritability, difficulty in remembering, and problems with concentration (Barone 81). More serious problems can occur, such as drowsiness in the daytime, oxygen scarcity, and respiratory arrest while struggling to breathe during sleep. Because there is less oxygen going to the heart, it has to work harder; adrenaline is released and blood pressure rises rapidly. Repeated bursts of nighttime blood pressure may cause hypertension during the day, leading to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart rhythm disturbances (Barone 82). Diagnosing sleep apnea has become common only in recent years, since the disorder was not officially defined until 1965. Snoring, daytime fatigue, and a short attention span can be clues for diagnosis. If these symptoms persist for a prolonged period of time it may become necessary to be placed under the care of a pulmonary specialist, or an ear, nose, and throat doctor. Diagnosis is made possible by examinations of the nose, throat, and jaw. It is also helpful for a sufferers mate to answer questions about snoring and sleep habits. The best way to make an accurate diagnosis and determine the severity of the disorder is a polysomnography exam, usually involving an overnight stay in a sleep clinic. There specialists are able to monitor blood oxygen levels, heart rate, body temperature, brain waves, and the number of times breathing stops. The sleep apnea rate, or the number of apneatic episodes per hour of sleep, determines the severity of the disorder. Rates of fifteen or fewer indicate only mild sleep apnea, Sumner 4may not even be considered clinically significant. Rates of fifteen to thirty indicates moderate sleep apnea, and rates of thirty or more disturbances per hour indicate severe sleep apnea (Pressman 204). While effective for determining treatment, polysomnography can cost approximately two thousand dollars, but is usually covered by ins urance. A second option is a home monitoring device, costing about half as much as lab observations but not usually covered by insurance (Barone 84). .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .postImageUrl , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:visited , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:active { border:0!important; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:active , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Case for Microsoft EssayContinuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) is the most commonly recommended treatment for sleep apnea. It was first described in 1981 by University of Sydney, Australia researcher Colin Sullivan (Fricker 122). CPAP stops snoring and allows the sufferer to breathe without colapsation of the throat (Stradling 201). It consists of an airflow generator, tubing, and a mask that goes over the nose. Air is supplied at slightly above atmospheric pressure, holding the airways open (Fricker 122). Many patients find CPAP masks to be uncomfortable, but without them would relapse into their pretreatment state within only twenty-four hours (Stradling 201). S tudies indicate reductions in daytime drowsiness and general health improvements as a result of CPAP, but have not shown improvements in morbidity, mortality, or quality of life (Walling 851). Along with CPAP treatment, personal health measures can be taken in order to help reduce the symptoms and risk of sleep apnea. Dr. Richard Millman of the Sleep Disorders Center at Rhode Island Hospital suggests avoiding alcohol and sleeping pills near bedtime because they slow breathing , laying on one side while sleeping, and using Sumner 5nasal strips while suffering from congestion (Barone 84). Smoking is also a major contributor to sleep apnea because it can swell the throat tissues and worsen the already low oxygen levels that accompany it. Since being overweight is a leading cause of sleep apnea as well as many other health problems, it is a good idea to be as physically fit as possible. Even a ten percent weight loss can affect the number of apneatic episodes that occur each night (Baro ne 84). Though CPAP is the most commonly recommended and utilized treatment of sleep apnea, there are other options. Oral devices similar to a retainer can be used to reposition the tongue and jaw. These are effective because moving the jaw forward also pulls the tongue forward, reducing obstruction of the trachea. However, these devices can be expensive and may not be covered by insurance. Surgery is a last resort option. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, or UPPP (UP3 ) widens the airway by reducing the size of the uvula, the soft palate, or both. UP3 has only a fifty percent success rate, is very expensive, and involves a painful recovery. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, or LAUP, utilizes lasers to remove excess throat tissue. It is less expensive and painful than UP3, but it may require several treatments (Barone 84). Sleep apnea does not have to control a sufferers life. It is important to realize that the affects of sleep apnea on a persons respiratory system can be devastating. Being able to identify the causes, health effects, and treatment of sleep apnea can help to prevent problems before they arise. The constant drowsiness, headaches, and incessantly loud snoring affect work habits, overall health, and even cause problems between married Sumner 6couples who cannot sleep in the same bed together due to snoring. Because some people may not even realize that they are suffering from obstructive sleep apnea, it is important to be aware of the symptoms and steps necessary to confront the problem. Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and excessive weight gain are valuable factors for prevention, as well as basic principles of good health. Psychologists study sleep disorders such as sleep apnea in order to understand their effect on sleep as a state of consciousness. Consciousness is defined as a state of aw areness. Going to sleep does not mean that a awareness ceases; instead, sleep changes the type of consciousness that is experienced. Sleep is also necessary to maintain a balance of the bodys functions and to allow the body to rest and restore itself. Prolonged periods of sleep deprivation for any reason result in fatigue, irritability, and inefficiency throughout the day. Being able to identify and treat sleep apnea and other sleep disorders provides more restful and fulfilling sleep, allowing for a productive and satisfying lifestyle. .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .postImageUrl , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:visited , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:active { border:0!important; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:active , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solutions For Social Security EssayHealth and Beauty Essays