Ethics and Global Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Morals and Global Climate Change - Essay Example While concentrating regarding the matter of a dangerous atmospheric devation, the inquiry emerges whether the created countries should take the more prominent weight of battling environmental change. Environmental change Greenhouse impact Global warming happens when the temperature of the earth’s surface ascents. The significant commitment towards a worldwide temperature alteration is the outflow of ozone depleting substances like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide into the air. An Earth-wide temperature boost can cause genuine environmental change and can be a grave worry for the strength of people and all other living creatures on this planet. The â€Å"greenhouse effect† is considered as the chief reason for environmental change. In any case, the commitment of nursery is a disputable issue. Without the impact of the nursery, the outside of the earth would have been a lot colder than the current temperature. This is one motivation behind why nursery impact can't g enerally be considered as an issue. â€Å"The genuine issue is the improved, human-instigated, nursery effect† (Gardiner, 2004, p.558). Significant Impacts The impacts of environmental change can have tremendous effect on the natural life on this planet. A portion of the effects that have been watched so far are â€Å"melting of ice sheets, changes in Arctic biological systems, warming of lakes and streams, consequences for agribusiness and ranger service, ocean level ascent and waterfront flooding in some areas†. ... This should be possible by the utilization of â€Å"fuel-effective vehicles† and by developing â€Å"energy-proficient buildings†. The most significant thing is to figure out how to get versatile to environmental change and furthermore it is important to manage the creating nations towards financial turn of events (Winston and Edelbach, 2011, p.363). Duties of the more extravagant countries According to Gardiner the mechanical countries are increasingly liable for the current grave condition in regards to environmental change. There have been gigantic outflows of ozone depleting substances during modern transformation in the nineteenth century for which the mechanical countries have assumed a significant job. The weight of expenses because of the emanations has fallen excessively on the creating nations. Gardiner recommends two different ways to the arrangement. In the first place, â€Å"industrialized countries should bear the costs forced by their past emissions† and second, â€Å"one must describe the earth’s ability to retain man-made outflows of carbon dioxide as a typical asset, or sink† (Gardiner, 2004, p.579). Gardiner believes that the more extravagant countries have utilized the earth’s limit over the span of industralisation, and in this manner different nations have not had the option to get their due offer. As indicated by Gardiner, the more extravagant countries are at risk to make up for â€Å"overusing† the earth’s limit (Gardiner, 2004, pp.579-580). Supports It has been recommended by certain journalists that in the past the created nations didn't know about the results of nurseries gases on worldwide atmosphere and as such they ought not be viewed as capable. This contention can't be indisputable if the effect on the poor populace has been serious. In the event that the poor nations don't have the assets to shield

Working as a Human Services Professional Assignment

Functioning as a Human Services Professional - Assignment Example g about the Human Services field which would help with growing instruction and aptitudes are as per the following: (1) by normally notifying oneself on present and future patterns in Human Services through perusing legitimate sources on this field of study; (2) by going to meetings, workshops, initiative preparing and improvement under the Human Services field through the Human Service Leadership Institute (Human Services Leadership Institute, 2012); and (3) by seeking after advanced education courses or projects in Human Services (Hack College, 2015), . These open doors for learning and formative development could be accomplished by planning kept learning in one’s every day exercises. The three different ways to hold responsibility for performing quality work as the executive/CEO of the Humanitarian Agency are as per the following: (1) through away from of jobs, duties, and duty as the CEO/overseer, as expressed in one’s set of working responsibilities and in the authoritative structure; (2) through unequivocal arranging and advancement of strategies and methodology that would portray works and specify accountabilities or expectations expected of one’s job; and (3) through utilizing assets to impart away from or objectives of execution and assessing the way these objectives have been accomplished inside specified time allotments. Moreover, as underscored by Este (2007), â€Å"the difficulties to executing responsibility in the human administrations could be overwhelmed with the fitting arranging, hierarchical duty, and resources† (p. 1). Este, S. (2007). The Challenges of Accountability in the Human Services: Performance Management in the Adult Protective Services Program of Texas. Recovered from Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos:

an Arts initiative COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

an Arts initiative COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In my last post I wrote a about the myriad of opportunities available to students on Columbia’s campus, but of course one of the greatest advantages of coming to SIPA is that you get to live in New York City! I could write a whole blog post about the career related activities and internship opportunities available to SIPA students here in our fair city, and in fact I very well may, but all work and no play makes Nancy a dull grad student. If you plan on coming to SIPA, you should definitely know about CU Arts Initiative. The CU Arts homepage (http://www.cuarts.com/) describes it as a “pioneering venture to make art and culture a meaningful part of every Columbian’s experience.” To me, it’s a great way to find out what’s going on in New York and an even better way to score discount tickets.   Columbia students have ongoing discounts to such New York institutions as the Metropolitan Opera, the Museum of Modern Art and the Bronx Zoo.  You can also buy discounted movie tickets and receive special pricing on tickets to Broadway (and Off-Broadway shows). I just went to see Newsies for ½ of the published ticket price!   You can also use CUArts to reserve performance space, promote your own on or off campus cultural event and find out about events happening at the university.  Check them out here.

The Importance Of Artificial Intelligence - 1302 Words

Artificial intelligence is the utilization of computers to imitate human brains in restricted domains. This is a consequence of developing computer which carry on logically, reason rationally and can adequately decipher its surroundings continuously in real time. Artificial Intelligence is no longer a fictionist concept, the superior computing prowess of artificial intelligence has enabled them to surpass humans in problem solving. They have made it conceivable to recreate complex activities that need proficient mastery. Chess playing program is an astounding case of an intellectual system. Artificial intelligence is an extremely wide interdisciplinary field which connects to many domains, all the computing disciplines, but also chemistry,†¦show more content†¦After, in 1966 the first robot Shakey with artificial intelligence was created. After in 1986, Bundeswehr University was able to create the first self-driving car with the help of input devices such as cameras and sens ors. As of the 21st century, Artificial intelligence can be created to portray, understand human emotion and also learn from experience and learn from errors. The Basic format of AI and its components is displayed inside the image (Tecuci). With the creation of robots with artificial intelligence, we are able to create robots which can work on task with greater efficiency than human beings. Hence, the basic fear of robots replacing humans in the workforce rises as a potential threat for losing jobs. But individual of society forget that Artificial intelligence will also create lots of jobs as they will require humans to help maintain the condition of the bots and also to upgrade and fix issue in the bots. Also, the bots will mostly take the jobs which are mainly labor infused. Therefore, if we have bots performing the simple task of society it will require society to grow and become smarter hence benefiting the society as a whole (Atkinon). Second, frequently individual of society worry that development in Artificial intelligence will result in computer starting a revolution as theyShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1156 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Understanding Emotional Intelligence and its role in development of AI Introduction In 1983, Howard Gardener, an American psychologist proposed eight (originally seven) types of intelligences (Gardner, Howard, 1983, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences). Emotional Intelligence was not one of the eight as it did not fulfill eight criteria set by Gardener which all intelligence must meet. It is interesting that Gardener gave interpersonal intelligence place in the list as it dealsRead MoreImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmost famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence ( AI) is taking root in our everyday lives† ( Science Fiction to Reality 1). Artificial Intelligence is a machinery which includes network and a probabilistic model. Artificial intelligence is the computer that can now spontaneously translate spoken and written conversation. It can also recognize and accurately cations photos, identify faces and can be your personal assistant. Artificial intelligence has specific technologies, like theRe ad MoreThe Importance Of Artificial Intelligence2225 Words   |  9 Pagesthe 21st century, especially the artificial intelligence (AI). According to Stanford (2016) mentioned that the artificial intelligence (AI) is a science and a set of computational technologies that are inspired by—but typically operate quite differently from—the ways people use their nervous systems and bodies to sense, learn, reason, and take action. 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One of these fields where artificial intelligence (AI) is beginning to grow rapidly is in the military. All branches of the military are beginning to develop and implement AI on the battlefront in order to replace human soldiers. However, the use of AI to perform life and death decisions is a highly debated over topic. The morals and ethics behindRead MoreRationalism vs. Irrationalism1607 Words   |  7 Pagesrationalistic perspecive we observe the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea; however from the viewpoint of irrationality I will prove that: 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) Intelligence can be created materially. Before going into detail on irrationalism I wish to explore the rationalistic perspective. The rationalist tends to believe in the existence of truths that could not be discovered through the senses alone,Read MoreFuture Of Life : Thanks With Artificial Intelligence1451 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of Life: Thanks to Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is soon to be a massively important and relevant part of our future. I have no doubt about it, and knowing this... I began my research simply wanting to know more about AI and it’s current and speculative uses and capabilities. I wanted to know how we planned to accommodate for the biggest change our species has ever experienced, I wanted to find out how legislature would adapt, how research would spring up, how productionRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. We’ll be their butlers soon enough.†(Brain Quote) Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer systems that normally require human intelligence. This (Artificial Intelligence) has lead to countless short-term positives such as â€Å"improving the speed, quality, and costs of available goods and services (Karsten and West 1). (This being said from the Brooking institution) However, as businesses continue to use Artificial Intelligence to inc rease extra goods and make more money, they willRead MoreEssay on The Turing Test1426 Words   |  6 Pages One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, â€Å"the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men†.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. â€Å"We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and theRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesthese problems. The study of Intelligent Systems, often called â€Å"artificial intelligence† (AI), uses computation as a medium for simulating human perception, cognition, reasoning, learning, and action. In the case of artificial intelligence, the first thing that usually comes to mind is that AIs are convenient for mankind. It makes life much easier having the artificial intelligent systems to do peoples works. Having artificial intelligence around not only cuts the tasks in half, but also it saves lots

Is Objective Of Firms To Maximize Shareholder Wealth Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1900 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Clarifying on the point of what are the objectives of the business is very important to run a business in a purposeful and effective manner. It such as the firm needs to establish what they are trying to achieve and it is also central importance to make choices in business. There are some occasions when manager has to decide which claimants are to have the objectives maximized and which are merely to be satisfied. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Objective Of Firms To Maximize Shareholder Wealth Finance Essay" essay for you Create order There are some strong views held on this subject, the left-wing belief that employees should have its rewards maximized and other parties have been satisfied while the pro-capitalist economists believe that maximizing shareholder wealth is the desired objective. From annual report and Financial Statements of Marks and Spencer 2010, it appears that the company doesnt just focus on shareholders; they also build good relations with primary stakeholders like employees, customers, suppliers, local communities and the environment; They tried the best to do the right things cross the business, build a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth to make sure that their customers and wider stakeholders can trust them to do the right thing. In my points of view, I agree that shareholder wealth maximization should be a superior objective over stakeholder interest and company also should keen on a balanced stakeholder approach. Bellowing are some relevant literature and practical business that support my opinion. Marks Spencer Plc is the leading UKs retailers with over 21 million people visiting its stores each week clarified their objective in its 2006 annual report as our main task to create value for shareholders by developing a trusted brand and delighting customers. Mark and Spencer has a clear idea of its objective. Its mission to deliver economic value to its shareholders through understanding the importance of meeting requirement of existing and potential customers, and the most important customers are the shareholders-the owners of the business. Its objectives, strategies and decisions are toward creating value for them. For almost companies, the largest proportion of long term finance is provided by shareholders. As long as a company performs well and provides them with excellent financial return and opposite. People invest in the expectation that when they sell, the value of each investment will have grown by sufficient amount, above its c ost to compensate them for the risk they took. The relationship between a company and its shareholder is clear. The shareholders give their hard-earned money to the managers of the business in the expectation that they will make good use of the fund. They hope to see substantial return in the form of rising share price as well as a stream of dividend. Glan Arnold, 2008 agreed that the company should make investment and financing decisions with the aim of maximizing long-term shareholder wealth. He also explained through contractual theory that Shareholders are owners of the firm, control its activities. They put money into the business and do not be promised that they will receive a dividend or not. The management board of the firm only promise that will try hardest to produce a return on money. That means the firm may go bankrupt and all money will be lost. The risk that shareholders are taking is not limited, their money may be produced efficiently or it may be reduced, even go to zero. However there are employment contracts between employees and the firm. Employees deal with the firm to provide their services in return for salary and benefit. Suppliers deliver necessary input in return for payment. Customers give money in return for goods and service. Most of the participants bargain for a limited risk, right and a fixed pay off. Because of this unfair balance of risk between claimants on the firms resources, who accepts high risk should be entitled to higher return which result after all the other parties have been satisfied. In Corporate finance principle practice, 2009 Denzil Watson and Antony Head analyzed the relationship between risk and return as high risk parallel with high return. An investor takes on more risk, higher return is offered in compensation. Among relevant claimants of the firm, the shareholders are taking the highest risk of return as mentioned above, so they deserve receiving superior return. On practicalities in a free mark et system, the firm will be difficult and unable to raise more finance from shareholders if it decides to reduce return to shareholders caused by increasing salary to their workers (more interest for employees) or by increasing quality of goods and service for customers (more satisfy and trust from customers) or by paying more for charity, protection environment, ect. Some shareholders will sell their shares and invest to other firms more orientated towards their benefit and concentrate on shareholder wealth creation. According to Pierre Vernimmen (Corporate Finance theory and practice, 2nd edition, 2009) Only creating sustainable value can a company ensure that it has finance growth train, pay to its employees properly, produce quality goods and service and respect the environment. In finance, there is just one overriding objective creating value, only by meeting this objective can one achieve all the others. Marks and Spencer agreed with this theory through their expression in annual report and financial statement 2010. They clarified that their main objective is building a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth and making sure that their customers and wider stakeholders can always trust them. Cadbury Plc, the world largest confectionery also aims that they should deliver consistent superior return to shareholders in their 2006 annual report: our objective is to consistently deliver superior shareholder returns. We are committed in this objective although we recognize that the company does not operate in isolation. We have clear obligations to consumers, customers and supplier, to our colleagues and to the society, communities and natural environment in which we operate McKinsey and Company (2010) gave explanation for maximizing value of the firm as it is relevant to interest of all stakeholders. Companies that maximize value for their shareholders in the long-term also create more employment, treat the former and current employees better, give their customers more satisfaction, and shoulder a greater burden of corporate responsibility then more shortsighted rival. Competition among value focused companies also helps to ensure that capital, human capital and natural resources are used efficiently cross the economy, leading to higher living standard to everybody. They also argue that value creating company create more jobs, by taking a result of examining employment and found that the US and European companies that created most shareholder value in the past 15 years shown stronger employment growth. Jensen, M.C (2001) cogently argued simple stakeholder balancing or balance scorecard approach to directing a company because of the violation of the proposition that a single financial value objective is a prerequisite and makes society better off. Social welfare is maximized when all firms in an economy maximize total firm value. Value maximization tends to ask managers to make decisions so as to increase total long run market value of the firm. Total value is the sum of the value of all financial claims on the firms including equity, debt, preferred stock, and warrants. So maximizing value of the firm is maximizing value of shares and so on maximizing shareholder wealth. Otherwise, Stakeholder theory extent that firms should pay attention to all their constituencies that can affect the firm. Stakeholders were defined by Freeman (1984) as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of an organizations purpose. Managers and board of directors have to choose among multiple completing and inconsistent constituent interests to make sure all stakeholders are at level of satisfaction. Customers want low prices, high quality. Employees want high wage, high quality working conditions and good benefit. Suppliers of capital want low risk and high return. Communities want high charitable contributions, social expenditures by firm to benefit the community at large, sta ble employment, increasing investment and so on. Because of this inconsistent interest group, business needs a balance scorecard as explanation of Kaplan (1996). Freemans definition suggested two-way relationship between a firm and its stakeholders. Stakeholders can affect and can be affected the achievements of a firms objectives. Good stakeholder management has clear instrumental value for the firms, Building better relations with primary stakeholders like employees, customers, suppliers, and communities could lead to increased shareholder wealth by helping firms develop intangible. A case study about short-term financial performance To make sure Marks and Spencer succeed, managers have to get thing right cross business such as being properly to each other as colleague, making sure we feel valued, motivated and rewarded; Treating our customers, suppliers and local community with respect; Respecting environment, involving our employees and customers through Plan A. MS has launched Plan A since 2007 to work with customers and supplier to combat climate change, reduce waste, use sustainable raw material, trade ethically and help customers to lead healthier lifestyles. These are commitment of donating all profit from the sale of single use food carrier bags to environmental charity Groundwork to invest in projects that will improve parks, play areas and public gardens in neighborhoods around the UK, working with Shelter to help make a difference to the many UK families who are homeless or badly housed, with The Prostate Cancer Charity to increase awareness about cancer disease, with The Woodland trust to plant new tr ees, closed lope recycling campaign to reduce waste, MS and Oxfam Clothes Exchange to help save water, protect children from disease, new school books for children. MS believes that if they do the right thing, the right way, their business will be successful; a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth will be achieved. Their customers and wider stakeholders trust them. At the heart of all is making sure a good return for people who own MS-their shareholders. In other respect, base on point of view of left-wing party, Sumantra Ghoshal (2005) argued that the encouragement of shareholder wealth maximization is wrong. He explained that shareholders do not own the company, have no ownership right on the actual asset, they own a right to the residual cash flow of the company. The value a company creates is produced through a combination the resources of both employees including managers who contribute their human capital and shareholders who contribute financial capital. Employees of a company carry more risk than shareholders because shareholders can sell stocks easier than employees can find another job and employees contribute their knowledge, skill, entrepreneurship that are more important than capital. Then there can be no basic for asserting the principle of shareholders value maximization. However Michael Skapinker pointed out one problem with Ghoshal is that while he demolished shareholder value, he proposed nothing in its place, In general, both theoretical and empirical literatures agree that the goal of a well-run company is maximizing its long-term shareholders wealth as a firm shareholders are the residual claimants. However the firm enjoins every side to strive for friendly long-term relationship with employees, customers, suppliers and bringing benefit to local community and the environment. Objectives of a firm are interdependent. Good management knows which objective or claimant they should focus on each time to achieve long-term purpose is building a sustainable business through consistent, profitable growth and making sure they have a good return for their owners-shareholders. In the real business, many organizations are comfortable with no shareholder wealth maximization as Charity, government department and non-profit organizations.

Barks Computer Screens Case a Market Analysis Free Essays

Running head: BARKS COMPUTER SCREENS CASE Barks Computer Screens Case: A Market Analysis Barks Computer Screens Case: A Market Analysis A market analysis is a key component of a business plan and should be conducted every few years due to market and product changes. One important aspect is identifying the supply and demand of a product in the target market. The supply curve is a positive sloping curve because as the price increases so does the quantity of product. We will write a custom essay sample on Barks Computer Screens Case: a Market Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The demand curve is a negative sloping curve because as the price increases the demand for the product decreases (Hirschey, 2012). Changes can occur to both curves as changes in the market and economy take place. This will cause the curves to shift either to the left or the right. The supply curve is affected by changes in the economy such as an increase in the prices of material or a natural disaster that would prohibit supply of product. The demand curve is affected by changes in population income, economic outlook, government spending, and real interest rates (McBride, 2008). In the Barks Computer Screens Case, Barks has hired me as a consultant and provides the results of his market analysis. He has found that the functions for supply and demand in his market are: Qd = 157 – 35P + 12. 5Pw + 0. 1Y and Qs = –120 + 75P – 30Pw + 13PL + 12R. Where: Qd = Demand, Qs = Supply, Pw = Average price of Wides, Y = Income in his market, PL = Price of labor, and R = Is the average humidity level measured in hums. I have assumed the quantities demanded and supplied are a function of price and applied the following conditions: Pw = $6. 00, Y = $1,600. 00, PL = $9. 00, and R = 25. Demand: Qd = 157 – 35P + 12. 5Pw + 0. 1Y = 157 – 35P + 12. (6) + 0. 1(1600) = 157 – 35P + 75 + 160 = 392 – 35P. Supply: Qs = –120 + 75P – 30Pw + 13PL + 12R = -120 + 75P – 30(6) + 13(9) + 12(25) = -120 +75P – 180 + 117 + 300 = 117 + 75R. The following price conditions were used to determine supply and demand market conditions: $1. 75, $2. 10, and $2. 70. Qd = 392 – 35P = 392 – 35(1. 75) = 392 – 61. 25 = 330. 75. The s ame equation was used for the other two prices to determine quantities demanded at each price. At $2. 10 the Qd is 318. 50 and at $2. 70 the Qd is 297. 50. Qs = 117 + 75P = 117 + 75(1. 5) = 117 + 131. 25 = 248. 25. The same equation was used for the other two prices to determine quantities supplied at each price. At $2. 10 the Qs is 274. 50 and at $2. 70 the Qs is 319. 50. The following graph illustrates the supply and demand curve to reflect my findings. As you can see on the above graph, Qd and Qs intersect at a point. This point is when market equilibrium is met. â€Å"Market equilibrium describes a condition of perfect balance in the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied at a given price† (Hirschey, 2012). To determine equilibrium price, I set the Qd equation equal to the Qs equation and solved for P (price): 392 – 35P = 117 + 75P, 275 – 35P = 75P, 275 = 110P, 2. 5 = P. Equilibrium price is $2. 50. To find equilibrium quantity, use P = 2. 50 in either Qd or Qs equation: 392 – 35P = 392 – 35(2. 50) = 392 – 87. 50 = 304. 50. Equilibrium quantity is 304. 50. The equilibrium price and quantity determines shortage or surplus. A surplus of product occurs when actual price is greater than the equilibrium price. A shortage of product occurs when actual price is less than the equilibrium price (McBride, 2008). Based on an equilibrium quantity of 304. 50 the only time there will not be a surplus or a shortage is when they are priced at $2. 50. When Wides are priced at $1. 75, there will be a surplus of 26. 25 screens. At $2. 10, there will be a surplus of 14. At $2. 70, there will be a shortage of 7. My recommendation is to price the Wides at $2. 50. Having a surplus builds inventory but eventually decreases market prices and product output, whereas a shortage can increase market prices and create a push on production. At equilibrium, revenue is generated without a change in price or quantity produced (Hirschey, 2012). References Hirschey, M. (2012). Fundamentals of Managerial Economics, 9th ed. (9th ed). South Western Educational Publishing. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf. southuniversity. edu/books/1111439907/id/ch4 McBride, C. (2008). Supply Demand Analysis Chron. com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/supply-demand-analysis-727. html How to cite Barks Computer Screens Case: a Market Analysis, Papers

Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Example For Students

Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Causes, Health Affects, and Treatment of Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea is involved with the respiratory and central nervous systems. The respiratory system allows a person to breathe in oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide (Deepak 116). After entering the mouth or the nose, oxygen travels into the pharynx, the larynx, and then the trachea. The trachea splits into two branches which then split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Hair-like projections called cilia cover the bronchioles and protect them from foreign particles. From the bronchioles, air enters tiny air sacs called alveoli, each of which is surrounded by capillaries containing the blood that gathers oxygen to be transported throughout the body and releases carbon dioxide so that it can be exhaled. Contractions of the diaphragm cause the lungs to be inflated and deflated. According to Janet Fricker, sleep apnea is ?the periodic reduction or cessation of breathing caused by temporary oropharyngeal collapse during sleep?; in other words, it occurs when a person literally stops breathing while asleep (Fricker 122). There are two main processes that produce sleep apnea. The first, known as central sleep apnea, involves the level of brain activity during sleep. The nighttime failure of the part of the brain that controls breathing, located in the brain stem, results in unmonitored oxygen Sumner 2levels during sleep. When oxygen levels become too low and carbon dioxide levels become too high, stimulation becomes strong enough to temporarily awaken the brain to do its job. The brain triggers a snorting or sucking of air in order to restore the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The episodes recur as the brain returns to its sleep state (Coren 147-48). The second form of sleep apnea, known as obstructive sleep apnea, is characterized by a severe relaxation of the tongue, throat, and pharynx.(Deepak 116). The severe relaxation of the tongue causes it to cover the opening to the trachea, stopping the flow of oxygen into the lungs. After ten to ninety seconds of an apnea respiratory centers alert the brain of its oxygen-deprived state, causing the repeated sleep/wake cycle of the sufferer (Fricker 122). Sleep Apnea affects about 4 percent of middle-aged men and 2 percent of middle-aged women (Walling 851). Symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, gasping, and choking. It causes breathing problems that cause a person to cough and gasp as many as several hundred times a night (Pressman 65). Because a build up of fatty tissues in the mouth tends to flow over the opening of the trachea, it is most common in middle aged, overweight males (Coren 148). About sixty percent of sufferers are overweight. However, it is not actual poundage b ut the thickness of the neck that affects breathing. Men often develop thicker throat tissues and gather more fat in their abdomen, neck, and shoulders than women. Men with a neck circumference of seventeen inches or more and women with that of sixteen inches or more are most likely to have sleep apnea, as well as Sumner 3those with a double chin or a lot of excess fat around the waist. Sleep apnea will worsen with age as throat tissues become looser and people gain weight.(Barone 81). Many side affects can occur due to sleep apnea. Sufferers can awaken to headaches, irritability, difficulty in remembering, and problems with concentration (Barone 81). More serious problems can occur, such as drowsiness in the daytime, oxygen scarcity, and respiratory arrest while struggling to breathe during sleep. Because there is less oxygen going to the heart, it has to work harder; adrenaline is released and blood pressure rises rapidly. Repeated bursts of nighttime blood pressure may cause hypertension during the day, leading to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart rhythm disturbances (Barone 82). Diagnosing sleep apnea has become common only in recent years, since the disorder was not officially defined until 1965. Snoring, daytime fatigue, and a short attention span can be clues for diagnosis. If these symptoms persist for a prolonged period of time it may become necessary to be placed under the care of a pulmonary specialist, or an ear, nose, and throat doctor. Diagnosis is made possible by examinations of the nose, throat, and jaw. It is also helpful for a sufferers mate to answer questions about snoring and sleep habits. The best way to make an accurate diagnosis and determine the severity of the disorder is a polysomnography exam, usually involving an overnight stay in a sleep clinic. There specialists are able to monitor blood oxygen levels, heart rate, body temperature, brain waves, and the number of times breathing stops. The sleep apnea rate, or the number of apneatic episodes per hour of sleep, determines the severity of the disorder. Rates of fifteen or fewer indicate only mild sleep apnea, Sumner 4may not even be considered clinically significant. Rates of fifteen to thirty indicates moderate sleep apnea, and rates of thirty or more disturbances per hour indicate severe sleep apnea (Pressman 204). While effective for determining treatment, polysomnography can cost approximately two thousand dollars, but is usually covered by ins urance. A second option is a home monitoring device, costing about half as much as lab observations but not usually covered by insurance (Barone 84). .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .postImageUrl , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:visited , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:active { border:0!important; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:active , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Case for Microsoft EssayContinuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) is the most commonly recommended treatment for sleep apnea. It was first described in 1981 by University of Sydney, Australia researcher Colin Sullivan (Fricker 122). CPAP stops snoring and allows the sufferer to breathe without colapsation of the throat (Stradling 201). It consists of an airflow generator, tubing, and a mask that goes over the nose. Air is supplied at slightly above atmospheric pressure, holding the airways open (Fricker 122). Many patients find CPAP masks to be uncomfortable, but without them would relapse into their pretreatment state within only twenty-four hours (Stradling 201). S tudies indicate reductions in daytime drowsiness and general health improvements as a result of CPAP, but have not shown improvements in morbidity, mortality, or quality of life (Walling 851). Along with CPAP treatment, personal health measures can be taken in order to help reduce the symptoms and risk of sleep apnea. Dr. Richard Millman of the Sleep Disorders Center at Rhode Island Hospital suggests avoiding alcohol and sleeping pills near bedtime because they slow breathing , laying on one side while sleeping, and using Sumner 5nasal strips while suffering from congestion (Barone 84). Smoking is also a major contributor to sleep apnea because it can swell the throat tissues and worsen the already low oxygen levels that accompany it. Since being overweight is a leading cause of sleep apnea as well as many other health problems, it is a good idea to be as physically fit as possible. Even a ten percent weight loss can affect the number of apneatic episodes that occur each night (Baro ne 84). Though CPAP is the most commonly recommended and utilized treatment of sleep apnea, there are other options. Oral devices similar to a retainer can be used to reposition the tongue and jaw. These are effective because moving the jaw forward also pulls the tongue forward, reducing obstruction of the trachea. However, these devices can be expensive and may not be covered by insurance. Surgery is a last resort option. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, or UPPP (UP3 ) widens the airway by reducing the size of the uvula, the soft palate, or both. UP3 has only a fifty percent success rate, is very expensive, and involves a painful recovery. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, or LAUP, utilizes lasers to remove excess throat tissue. It is less expensive and painful than UP3, but it may require several treatments (Barone 84). Sleep apnea does not have to control a sufferers life. It is important to realize that the affects of sleep apnea on a persons respiratory system can be devastating. Being able to identify the causes, health effects, and treatment of sleep apnea can help to prevent problems before they arise. The constant drowsiness, headaches, and incessantly loud snoring affect work habits, overall health, and even cause problems between married Sumner 6couples who cannot sleep in the same bed together due to snoring. Because some people may not even realize that they are suffering from obstructive sleep apnea, it is important to be aware of the symptoms and steps necessary to confront the problem. Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and excessive weight gain are valuable factors for prevention, as well as basic principles of good health. Psychologists study sleep disorders such as sleep apnea in order to understand their effect on sleep as a state of consciousness. Consciousness is defined as a state of aw areness. Going to sleep does not mean that a awareness ceases; instead, sleep changes the type of consciousness that is experienced. Sleep is also necessary to maintain a balance of the bodys functions and to allow the body to rest and restore itself. Prolonged periods of sleep deprivation for any reason result in fatigue, irritability, and inefficiency throughout the day. Being able to identify and treat sleep apnea and other sleep disorders provides more restful and fulfilling sleep, allowing for a productive and satisfying lifestyle. .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .postImageUrl , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:visited , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:active { border:0!important; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:active , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solutions For Social Security EssayHealth and Beauty Essays

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The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976

The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 The magnitude 7.8 earthquake that struck Tangshan, China on July 28, 1976, killed at least 242,000 people (the official death count). Some observers place the actual toll as high as 700,000. The Great Tangshan Earthquake also rocked the seat of Chinese Communist Party power in Beijing - both literally and politically. Background to the Tragedy - Politics and the Gang of Four in 1976 China was in a state of political ferment in 1976. The Party Chairman, Mao Zedong, was 82 years old. He spent much of that year in the hospital, suffering several heart attacks and other complications of old age and heavy smoking. Meanwhile, the Chinese public and the western-educated Premier, Zhou Enlai, had grown weary of the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou went so far as to publicly oppose some of the measures ordered by Chairman Mao and his coterie, pushing for The Four Modernizations in 1975. These reforms stood in marked contrast to the Cultural Revolutions emphasis on a return to the soil; Zhou wanted to modernize Chinas agriculture, industry, sciences, and national defense. His calls for modernization incurred the wrath of the powerful Gang of Four, a cabal of Maoist hardliners headed by Madam Mao (Jiang Qing). Zhou Enlai died on January 8, 1976, just six months before the Tangshan Earthquake. His death was mourned widely by the Chinese people, despite the fact that the Gang of Four had ordered that public grief for Zhou should be down-played. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands of defiant mourners flooded into Tiananmen Square in Beijing to express their sorrow over Zhous death. This was the first mass demonstration in China since the founding of the Peoples Republic in 1949, and a sure sign of the peoples rising anger against the central government. Zhou was replaced as premier by the unknown Hua Guofeng. Zhous successor as the standard-bearer for modernization within the Chinese Communist Party, however, was Deng Xiaoping. The Gang of Four rushed to denounce Deng, who had called for reforms to raise the living standards of average Chinese, allow more freedoms of expression and movement, and end the rampant political persecution that was practiced at that time. Mao fired Deng in April of 1976; he was arrested and held incommunicado. Nevertheless, Jiang Qing and her cronies kept up a steady drumbeat of condemnation for Deng throughout the spring and early summer. The Ground Shifts Beneath Them At 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Tangshan, an industrial city of 1 million people in northern China. The quake leveled about 85% of the buildings in Tangshan, which had been built on the unstable soil of the Luanhe Rivers flood plain. This alluvial soil liquefied during the quake, undermining entire neighborhoods. Structures in Beijing also sustained damage, some 87 miles (140 kilometers) distant. People as far away as Xian, 470 miles (756 kilometers) from Tangshan, felt the tremors. Hundreds of thousands of people lay dead after the quake, and much more were trapped in the rubble. Coal miners working deep underground in the region perished when the mines collapsed around them. A series of aftershocks, the most powerful registering 7.1 on the Richter Scale, added to the destruction. All of the roads and rail-lines leading into the city were destroyed by the quake. Beijings Internal Response At the time the earthquake struck, Mao Zedong lay dying in the hospital in Beijing. As tremors rippled through the capital, hospital officials rushed to push Maos bed to safety. The central government, headed by the new premiere, Hua Guofeng, initially knew little of the disaster. According to an article in the New York Times, coal miner Li Yulin was the first to bring word of the devastation to Beijing. Dirty and exhausted, Li drove an ambulance for six hours, going right up to the party leaders compound to report that Tangshan had been destroyed. However, it would be days before the government organized the first relief operations. In the meantime, the surviving people of Tangshan desperately dug through the rubble of their homes by hand, stacking the corpses of their loved ones in the streets. Government planes flew overhead, spraying disinfectant over the ruins in an effort to prevent an epidemic of disease. Several days after the earthquake, the first Peoples Liberation Army troops reached the devastated area to aid in rescue and recovery efforts. Even when they finally arrived at the scene, the PLA lacked trucks, cranes, medicines, and other necessary equipment. Many of the soldiers were forced to march or run for miles to the site due to the lack of passable roads and rail lines. Once there, they too were forced to dig through the rubble with their bare hands, lacking even the most basic tools. Premiere Hua made the career-saving decision to visit the affected area on August 4, where he expressed his sorrow and condolences to the survivors. According to London University professor Jung Changs autobiography, this behavior contrasted starkly with that of the Gang of Four. Jiang Qing and the other members of the Gang went on the air to remind the nation that they shouldnt allow the earthquake to distract them from their first priority: to denounce Deng. Jiang also publicly stated that There were merely several hundred thousand deaths. So what? Denouncing Deng Xiaoping concerns eight hundred million people. Beijings International Response Although the state-run media took the unusual step of announcing the catastrophe to Chinas citizens, the government remained mum about the earthquake internationally. Of course, other governments around the world were aware that a significant earthquake had taken place based on seismograph readings. However, the extent of the damage and number of casualties was not revealed until 1979, when state-run Xinhua media released the information to the world. At the time of the quake, the paranoid and insular leadership of the Peoples Republic refused all offers of international aid, even from such neutral bodies as the United Nations aid agencies and the International Committee of the Red Cross. Instead, the Chinese government urged its citizens to Resist the Earthquake and Rescue Ourselves. Physical Fallout of the Quake By the official count, 242,000 people lost their lives in the Great Tangshan Earthquake. Many experts have since speculated that the actual toll was as high as 700,000, but the true number will probably never be known. The city of Tangshan was rebuilt from the ground up, and now is home to more than 3 million people. It is known as the Brave City of China for its swift recovery from the catastrophic quake. Political Fallout of the Quake In many ways, the political repercussions of the Great Tangshan Earthquake were even more significant than the death toll and physical damage. Mao Zedong died on September 9, 1976. He was replaced as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, not by one of the radical Gang of Four, but by Premiere Hua Guofeng. Buoyed by public support after his show of concern at Tangshan, Hua boldly arrested the Gang of Four in October of 1976, ending the Cultural Revolution. Madam Mao and her cronies were put on trial in 1981 and sentenced to death for the horrors of the Cultural Revolution. Their sentences were later commuted to twenty years to life in prison, and all were eventually released. Jiang committed suicide in 1991, and the other three members of the clique have since died. Reformer Deng Xiaoping was released from prison and politically rehabilitated. He was elected Party Vice Chairman in August of 1977 and served as the de facto leader of China from 1978 through the early 1990s. Deng initiated the economic and social reforms that have allowed China to develop into a major economic power on the world stage. Conclusion The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 was the worst natural disaster of the twentieth century, in terms of loss of life. However, the earthquake proved instrumental in ending the Cultural Revolution, which was one of the worst man-made disasters of all time. In the name of the Communist struggle, the Cultural Revolutionaries destroyed the traditional culture, arts, religion, and knowledge of one of the worlds most ancient civilizations. They persecuted intellectuals, prevented the education of an entire generation, and ruthlessly tortured and killed thousands of ethnic minority members. Han Chinese, too, were subject to hideous mistreatment at the hands of the  Red Guards; an estimated 750,000 to 1.5 million people were murdered between 1966 and 1976. Although the Tangshan Earthquake caused tragic loss of life, it was key in bringing an end to one of the most horrific and abusive systems of governance that the world has ever seen. The quake shook loose the Gang of Fours hold on power and ushered in a new era of relatively increased openness and economic growth in the Peoples Republic of China. Sources Chang, Jung.  Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China, (1991). Tangshan Journal; After Eating Bitterness, 100 Flowers Blossom, Patrick E. Tyler, New York Times (January 28, 1995). Chinas Killer Quake, Time Magazine, (June 25, 1979). On This Day: July 28, BBC News Online. China marks 30th anniversary of Tangshan quake, China Daily Newspaper, (July 28, 2006). Historic Earthquakes: Tangshan, China U.S. Geological Survey, (last modified January 25, 2008).

George Berkeley and his famous work A Treatise Concerning the Essay

George Berkeley and his famous work A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge - Essay Example Berkeley was a great a philosopher with many philosophical achievements under his theories of idealism and immaterialism. He is also best remembered for his early works on vision and metaphysics, the latter regarding the treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge (Olscamp1). His death occurred in 1753 and according to his will, his body was to be kept above the ground for some time before burial; this shows how great a philosopher he was. Being a philosopher, Berkeley took time to study wisdom and truth. It is normally assumed that those who take such direction in life have greater enjoyment of life and peace of mind with clear understanding of many things. Another assumption that exists is that these philosophers have fewer disturbances than any other man. The other group of people who are not philosophers often put blames on objects and facilities that are meant to help human beings, rather than taking the responsibility so that humans can change and live a better life. Berkeley urges us to have belief in God who has been generous to men giving them great desire to have knowledge (Berkeley, â€Å"A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge† 1). ... The purpose of Berkeley’s study in philosophy was to try to discover underlying sources that have created a lot of doubtfulness and uncertainties with regard to philosophy. Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge The principle of idealism Berkeley was pushed by the desire to make discoveries about the principles that have introduced doubtfulness and uncertainties as well as contradictions in life, especially along the lines of philosophy. Adding his argument on that, Berkeley had made an observation that even the wise men have the notion that ignorance has no cure; he envisages it to the rise in natural dreariness and inadequacy of faculties (Berkeley, â€Å"A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge† 10 ). It was a belief by George Berkeley that when one takes an analysis of human knowledge, â€Å"the ideas are either actually imprinted on the senses or perceived to be attending to the passions and operations of the mind† (Berkeley, â €Å"The Principles of Human Knowledge† 29). Human ideas are developed by the help of the brain whereby imaginations are formed. Berkeley used the idea of light and colours to expound the fact that through them, one can be able to differentiate amongst many things that surround the human being; they may be touch or smell, hearing also conveys information regarding the tonal variations. Several objects that are used by human beings to understand the surrounding whether being colour, smell, and taste, they all define the passion of love, hatred, happiness and sadness. Besides the knowledge and ideas that accompany the understanding of the nature and the environment, this has to be accompanied by the ability to remember and imagine, as well as willingness to

Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical and Horizontal Integration Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical and Horizontal Integration - Essay Example One of the most important elements of businesses is survival. For a business to thrive through different timelines and periods, there is the need for businesses to find ways and means of remaining profitable (Kotler, 1994). This implies that businesses will need to modify their ways of production and find ways and means of keeping their customers satisfied. Aside customer satisfaction, businesses also need to stay ahead of other players in the industry by remaining competitive. Survival of a business is strongly linked with its ability to grow. There is a popular saying that one needs to evolve or become extinct. This implies that businesses need to find ways and means of growing and expanding to meet these evolutional needs. Due to the complex nature of businesses and the complications that can come up when a business is expanding, there are numerous approaches through which a business can expand by way of acquiring other businesses. The use of acquisition and mergers comes with so many business and managerial requirements that must be examined closely at each and every point to ensure that optimum results are attained. The paper attempts an in-depth application of the concept of mergers and acquisitions to businesses in the technological sector. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of vertical integration and horizontal integration in the technological sector.... Hill & Jones (2010) identify that there are four main reasons why a business might choose to ‘reposition’ itself. In other words, a business might want to change its structures and systems through various means of acquisitions or control of other ventures that are closely related to it. According to Hill & Jones (2010), the first reason why a business might want to reposition itself is for the purposes of improving the company’s competitive position. In other words, the business might want to become much more formidable in maintaining its share in the control of valuable resources like the markets and/or the inputs that are used for production in the industry. Secondly, a business might want to improve its profitability situation. In other words, businesses might want to increase their earning powers and control more income or revenue streams through some expansion or re-positioning exercise. Thirdly, a business might want to enhance production. In other words, a business might want to find efficient and effective ways of producing the same thing. In this wise, they might seek to produce more from a given volume of inputs or increase the volume of production they undertake. Finally, a business might want to diversify so that they reduce risks and enhance returns. This might be done through the controlling of different income generation sources rather than a single or fewer income generation streams. This is done through various techniques like the creation of new business units or new products which can provide value to consumers and in effect provide some more revenue for the company. In this wise, the business will not have to rely excessively on a single income generation unit which

Lower Back Pain in the Elderly in Institutionalised Centres

Lower Back Pain in the Elderly in Institutionalised Centres DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION In this section, the result findings will be discussed. The aims of this study was to determine the prevalence of LBP among the institutionalized centers in Malaysia, to compare the muscle changes in term of muscle control, flexibility and strength between two groups of elderly; LBP group and non-LBP group, and to determine the functional status of the elderly in institutionalized centers. The discussion will be focused on the finding of comparison for muscle changes between both groups and also the functional status of elderly in institutionalized centers. According to Malaysian Department of Statistics, the population of Malaysian will be increased by 2020. The annual growth rate of the elderly increased from 3.1% in 1980-1990’s periods to 4.0% in period between years 2000-2010. The leading factor for this life expectancy improvement was low fertility and mortality. By the year of 2020, Malaysia would qualify to be an aging population where the population of elderly reached nearly 7% and 5 years later will be increased over 9% (Tengku Aizan et al., 2006). Recent studies on global prevalence of LBP was found that with the highest prevalence among those aged 40-80 years and among female individuals, LBP became the major problem throughout the world (Hoy et al., 2012). People with LBP has been found to had changes in automatic control of TrA (Jacobs, Hammerman-rozenberg, Cohen, Stessman, 2006), reduced trunk muscle strength (Bel et al., 2010), and spinal stiffness (Freddolini, Strike, Lee, 2014). However, none of the study done in Malaysia concentrates on elderly aged 60 and above especially elderly in institutionalized centers. Therefore, our understanding of the muscles changes happened between LBP elderly population and healthy population especially in Asian country is critically ill. PREVALENCE OF LOW BACK PAIN There has been undefined conclusion for the epidemiology for back pain especially in elderly. The present study found similar findings with other Hirsch, (1959) that the prevalence of LBP peak in the middle and declined after 60 years old. In this study, the prevalence for elderly who had LBP was 62.6% of total sample. Traditionally, it stated that back pain is common in early adulthood, peaks in middle age and declines in beyond than 60 years (Papageorgiou et al., 1995; Hirsch, 1959). Others stated that there may be because of degenerative spine and brain that caused reduces levels of back pain. Elderly also had tendency to have an age-related decline in pain sensitivity. In contrast, study done by Adams et al., proclaimed that ageing is not closely related with back pain (Wiesel, 2013). However, based on personal opinion by Dr. Richard, he agrees with study by Papageorgiou et al., (1995). In this study, the results presented that the prevalence of LBP was higher in elderly with age range from 60-69 years old than more than 70 years old. The prevalence of pain is gradually decrease with age as in this study the number of subjects was limited for age more than 80 years. A study found that symptoms of back pain began in the late twenties, highest between the ages of thirty to fifty years and then the decline or remain stable with age (Wiesel, 2013). However, when the researchers looked at the prevalence of severe back pain, it was highest among seniors, increasing from 5.4% in those aged 40 years or less to 10% in persons over 80 years of age (MacFarlane et al., 2012). MUSCLE CHANGES BETWEEN LBP AND NON-LBP GROUPS The main results showed that there is no significant difference in term of muscle changes between LBP and non-LBP elderly except for muscle control and muscle flexibility for left side flexion. Although many studies had been done on trunk muscle strength for patients with LBP, there is no reliable opinion concluded (Ikeda et al., 1994; Goto, 2001; Sakamoto et al., 1991; Ito et al., 2001; Ota, 2011; Murakami et al., 2011). Contrary to the previous study, the present study found similar finding of trunk muscle strength between both group LBP and non-LBP. Interestingly, study done by Lee et al, (1999) showed that there was a difference in trunk muscle strength where extensor muscle strength is lower than flexor muscle strength. Besides, other study done by Demoulin et al., (2007) also showed positive finding where LBP and muscle changes (fatigue) that lead to muscle weakness are correlated and was supported with study by Fryer et al., (2004) where decreased trunk muscle strength and mus cle activity were associated with LBP. The result from this study is differ from other previous studies because of this result was affected by aging factor. Most of the previous study were done among the young and middle age population (Keller et al., 2004; Klein, Snyder-Mackler, Roy, DeLuca, 1991; Taechasubamorn, Nopkesorn, Pannarunothai, 2010; Yasuda, Minami, Daikuya, 2013) and there is very limited for studies done among geriatrics population. Study by Ferreira et al., (2004) demonstrated evidence for changes in automatic control of TrA in individual with LBP where individual with LBP had reduced abdominal muscles recruitment and TrA muscle activity (P. H. Ferreira, Ferreira, Hodges, 2004; Hodges, 1996) . Their study supported this study, as the result in this study for muscle control showed significant difference between both groups. Thus, it showed that LBP group had lower muscle control than non-LBP group. It can be one of causes that will lead to LBP as Cholewicki, (1996) and Panjabi, (1992) had expressed in their studies that possible causes of some low back pain disorders and chronic back pain are motor control errors and muscular dysfunction (Cholewicki, Panjabi, Khachatryan, 1997). The PBU was used in this study as it showed high reliability with Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1) of 0.74 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.85) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.86) (Olavo et al., 2012). It provides strong support that proved the result of this study. Another study was done to measure the precision muscle control in healthy and low back pain patients using a spiral-tracking task and trunk muscle electromyography and was found that tracking errors were higher in the LBP patients and increased with trunk inclination compared to healthy controls (Willigenburg, Kingma, Hoozemans, Dieà «n, 2013). Thus, the results from this study can be additional evidence that showed the difference of trunk muscle control between LBP and non-LBP individuals. Interestingly, a research on postural activity of abdominal muscles was differ between body position and these showed various contribution of abdominal muscle regions to stability of the trunk (Urquhart, Hodges, Story, 2005). The result for trunk muscle flexibility in this study showed similar results except for trunk left side flexion where it showed significant difference (p FUNCTIONAL STATUS AMONG ELDERLY IN INSTITUTIONALIZED CENTERS Age-related diminished physical fitness has showed contribution to the development of sarcopenia, frailty and reduced functional status (Garatachea Lucia, 2013). The gait speed test using 10 m walk test, upper limbs strength test using hand dynamometer, lower limb strength using 30 sec sit-to-stand test, and seat-reach test was used in the study field. These subjects were ranged from age of 60 and above. In the study sample, there is no significant difference of functional status between both groups LBP and non LBP except for gait speed test and right hand grip strength. According to Kubicki’s (2014) in his study stated that a study done by Fried et al., (2001) showed that a score for the gait speed test that under 0.65 m by second reveals a frailty status (Kubicki, 2014). LIMITATION OF STUDY The limitation of the current study was lack of probability sampling method as this study used convenient sampling method. It caused the unequal distribution of both groups sample which may lead to non-significant results at the end. The size, convenience, and homogeneity of the sample limit the generalizability of this study. Another limitation was that the measurement was done by different researches which have caused some error during the measurement due to different level of skills. Due to the lack of training for the tools from the experts and inexperience researches, limited tools and modified position, the study was under-powered, and thus, did not reach statistically significance. Other than that, the duration for data collection was too short with lead to reduced man-power. Subject’s consents also became one of the limitations in this study. Research that involves human being was challenging as dealing with unstable emotion especially elderly. A lot of subjects were refused to participate in this research because of depression and unstable emotion. In addition, previous research done among the institutionalized centers in Malaysia was very limited which lead to limitation of evidence to support this research. Most of the study done was among the healthy and young population, and elderly without back pain in community dwelling. Very limited source was present in the time being that study on the comparison between elderly in community setting and institutionalized setting especially in Malaysia. On the other hand, to compare more precise the differences between LBP and healthy subjects, more complex methods using higher order kinematics should be done to assess spinal biomechanical function. This has been attempted by few researches and the conclude that to achieve better evaluation and discrimination, more complex tasks such complex motion parameters were needed (Mieritz et al., 2014). Even though the normality was not normally distributed and the results was insignificant when comparing both groups, however this is first evidence of comparison on muscle changes among elderly with LBP and non-LBP among our local institutionalized center. The results should serve as a basis for future studies with larger population and normal distribution to investigate further this matter. Thus, further investigation and research need to be done among the Malaysian population especially in elderly setting and institutionalized setting. These will help in future research development and better management for the elderly population as the elderly population has been increased dramatically. CONCLUSION The main findings of this study show higher prevalence of low back pain among the elderly in institutionalized centers. Muscle changes generally happened in elderly as the aging process takes place. There is no significant difference when comparing both groups except for muscle control and left side trunk flexion. Only gait speed showed difference between both groups where LBP individuals had slower gait speed compared to non-LBP individual. Therefore, for planning of intervention for LBP elderly, they should consider gait speed as their one of outcome measure.

Htrl – Notes

7/5/12 Notes – How To Read Literature by Thomas C. Foster Introduction: How'd He Do That? 1. Interpreting Literature A. Same Story, Different Theory, Why? The Professor is a lot more experienced than his students â€Å"We don't get it. And we think you're making it up. † – His mind is open to different theories and situations, making him somewhat optimistic. While they're pretty much closed minded only viewing situations from one point of view. They're not using the same method of thinkingThey don’t have the same â€Å"language of reading,† the students aren’t applying the same rules and strategies that the professor has learned to apply over time Putting aside the age difference, simply, people don’t think alike B. Grammar of Literature Novels, poems, plays, movies, etc. all have patterns. After the pattern is complete the audience is either pleased or not. Memory, symbol, and pattern are interpreted differently, separating professori al reading from everyone else Memory – After watching a great movie, it sticks to you.So when reading a book that the same events somewhat relates to the characters actions in the movie, one will automatically apply what they saw in the movie to the characters action which opens up another view or interpretation of what’s going on. Symbol – Professors read symbolically, opening their minds to different ideas and comparisons between different things that a student, for example, wouldn’t be able to find alike any way, shape, or form. Pattern – Observing a pattern of literature has a lot to do with mechanism 2.Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When It's Not) A. When It's Not? The story with the young teenager didn’t seem like a quest but in fact was because it had the same characters and actions that a quest has, it's a quest in disguise. A quest consist of five things and the story had those five exact things, it just wasn’t so obvious The quester is usually young and inexperienced The quester usually fails the stated task In a quest, there’s always challenges and trials 3. How, Where Have I Seen This Before? A. Connecting the dotsAfter studying and practicing literature for so long, a person begins to recognize patterns and concepts Studying literature is mostly practice After studying one thing and read others, you begin to connect the two and think â€Å"where have i seen this before† 4. It's Greek to Me A. Myths Myths show sacrifice and lost or heroism and loyalty Authors use myths to have a nice plot We sometimes use myths in our daily language, for comparisons Most myths function in the same manor Every myth have a hero with a dangerous and difficult goal that they either achieve or don’t achieve B.Underworld The underworld is a setting for final battle Conflicts in the story is made clear in the underworld 5. Is That A Symbol? A. Symbolism Sometimes an author would use allegories instead of symbols Allegories shows a specific message just as an item can be symbolic, so can an action Imagination, instincts, and past experiences is used to find symbolism in literature 6. Does He Mean That? A. 7. †¦ So Does The Season A. â€Å"†¦ writers can work magic with the seasons† Famous authors have used seasons as an advantageAuthors use seasons as different symbols for different things For example: age, moods, life, and death Not only do they use seasons but they also use holidays 8. One Story 9. Don't Read With Your Eyes A. Perspective You shouldn’t read from your point of view When reading certain things to fully understand and get a clear vision it is important to sometimes feel sympathy or even empathy Reading from another perspective helps you to better understand the text When reading something from a different culture one doesn’t have to accept the idea, just sympathy

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They Often Use Euphemisms To Cloak Their Intentions, Such

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